Producer mobility support scheme for indirection-based mobility approach in named data networking

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a clean-slate future Internet architecture proposed to support content mobility by using hierarchical naming instead of IP addresses for routing. The hierarchical naming structure of NDN offers more benefits in supporting consumer mobility. However, the movements of producer inflict changes in routing name prefix hierarchy, which makes the entire network unaware of the new location of the producer. Thus, it causes some significant challenges, such as unnecessary Interest packet losses, high handoff latency, high signaling overhead cost, poor utilization of bandwidth, and path stretching. The aim of this research is to propose a Producer Mobility Support Scheme (PMSS) in order to minimize the handoff latency, signaling cost, improve data packets delivery via optimal path once a content producer relocated. The proposed PMSS model includes the formulated Mobility Weighted Function to incorporate movement behavior of the mobile producer. Also, Mobility Interest packet was designed to convey binding information and Broadcasting Strategy to facilitate handoff processes by updating the intermediate routers. Therefore, modeling and simulation methodologies were used in the design and performance evaluation of PMSS for rigorous investigation. The analytical result of PMSS scheme outperforms Optimal Producer Mobility for Larger-scale scheme with 50% lower handoff latency and signaling cost. Moreover, it minimizes 46% handoff signaling cost and improves 32% data path optimization as compared to the Kite scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed PMSS scheme minimizes 40% handoff latency, 28% packets delay, 28% unnecessary Interest packets loss, and improves 20% throughput. This study contributes to the development of the movement behavior model and mobility update packets. The findings have significant implication to support seamless mobility and the integration of NDN with other networks without additional mechanism

PMSS: Producer Mobility Support Scheme Optimization with RWP Mobility Model in Named Data Networking

Abstract: The movement pattern of mobile producer plays an important role in mobility performance analysis of the wireless and mobile network. However, the producer mobility behavior is directly affecting the handoff latency and signaling overhead cost. Many researchers provide analytical investigation to analyze and solve the handoff problems and compared with the simulation result. To justify between simulation and analytical investigation, movement behavior of mobile node needs to be included in the analytical investigation to make it possible to compare with the simulation-based result. This paper incorporated Random WayPoint Mobility (RWPM) model, to determine the behavior of mobile producer, for analytical solution of producer mobility support in NDN. In this paper, we introduce mobility Interest packets to conveyed new prefix or location of mobile producer, a broadcasting strategy to facilitate the handoff process and the immobile anchor router was modified to perform a dual function that is, tagging of anchors and broadcasting of tagged mobility Interest packets. The performance analysis for mobile producer behavior and handoff latency shows that our proposed Producer Mobility Support Scheme (PMSS) reduces handoff latency compared to DNS-like and Home Agent routing approach

Producer Mobility Support Schemes for Named Data Networking: A Survey

Mobile devices connectivity and data traffic growth requires scalable and efficient means of data distribution over the Internet. Thus, influenced the needs for upgrading or replacing the current Internet architecture to cater the situation as Named Data Networking (NDN) was proposed. NDN is clean-slate Internet architecture, proposed to replace IP with hierarchical named content that utilizes route aggregation to improve scalability and support mobility. Although, NDN provides supports for content consumer mobility with the help of catching capabilities, however, content producer faces many problems similar to mobility in IP architecture, such as, long handoff delay, unnecessary Interest packet losses and high bandwidth utilization. Hence, many concepts and schemes were proposed to address these problems. This paper reviewed and conceptually analyzed the schemes based on their fundamental design that broadly categorized into indirection-based approach, mapping-based approach, locator-based approach and control/data plane-based approach. In the review analysis, mapping-based approach schemes provide optimal path for packets delivery, high handoff delay Indirection-based and locator-based approach schemes provide normal handoff delay, but introduces tiangular routing path. The control/data plane-based approach schemes provide sub-optimal routing path and high handoff delay. The paper provided both strength and weakness of each scheme for further research

Analytical modelling solution of producer mobility support scheme for named data networking

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a clean-slate future Internet architecture proposed to support content mobility. However, content producer mobility is not supported fundamentally and faces many challenges such as, high handoff latency, signaling overhead cost and unnecessary Interest packet losses. Hence, many approaches indirection-based approach, mapping-based approach, locator-based approach and control/data plane-based approach were proposed to address these problems. Mapping-based and control/data plane-based approach deployed servers for name resolution serveces to provide optimal data path after handoff, but introduces high handoff latency and signalling overhead cost. Indirection-based and locator-based approach schemes provide normal handoff delay, but introduces sub-optimal or tiangular routing path. Therefore, there is needs to provide substantial producer mobility support that minimizes the handoff latency, signaling cost and improve data packets delivery via optimal path once a content producer relocates to new location. This paper proposed a scheme that provides optimal data path using mobility Interest packets and broadcasting strategy. Analytical investigation result shows that our proposed scheme outperforms existing approaches in terms of handoff latency, signaling cost and path optimization

Impact of Facilities and Service Quality on Patient Relatives Satisfaction and Patronage in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State, Nigeria

The study aimed at evaluating the impact of facilities and service quality in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. The study assesses the level of service quality and facilities provided to the patient's relative satisfaction and patronage. The study adopted a quantitative approach, and data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 225 patients relative to the UMTH proportionately selected from the target population in the Borno metropolis. The data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics with mean ranking, frequency distribution and Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) to achieve the research aim. The study indicated that service quality has the most potent effect on patronage, followed by satisfaction with a significant effect and facilities provided with a small size effect. The study also indicated hypothesised path relationship between service quality and patronage is statistically significant. The study reported that hypothesised path relationship between satisfaction and patronage is statistically significant. The study demonstrated that hypothesised path relationship between facilities provision and patronage is not statistically significant. It can be depicted that service quality and satisfaction are both moderately strong predictors of patronage, but facilities provision does not predict patronage directly. The study finally recommended that management intervenes through the provision of maintenance culture, enhancing the quality of services and facilities for satisfaction and patronage

Optimal broadcast strategy-based producer mobility support scheme for named data networking

Named Data Networking is a consumer-driven network that supports content consumer mobility due to the nature of in-network catching. The catching suppressed unnecessary Interest packets losses by providing an immediate copy of the data and consumer-driven nature influencedthe mobile consumer to resend unsatisfied Interest packet immediately after the handoff. Once the producer moves to a new location, the name prefix changed automatically after handoff to the new router or point of attachment. The entire network lacks the knowledge of producer movement unless if the producer announces its new prefix to update the FIBs of intermediate routers. Lack of producer’s movement knowledge causes an increase of handoff latency, signaling overhead cost, Interests packets losses, poor utilization of bandwidth and packets delivery. Therefore, there is needs to provide substantial producer mobility support to minimize the handoff latency, handoff signaling overhead cost, reduce the unnecessary Interest packets loss to improve data packets delivery once a content producer relocated. In this paper, broadcasting strategy is introduced to facilitate the handoff procedures and update the intermediate routers about the producer movement. Hence, analytical investigation result of this paper addresses the deficiency of Kite scheme by minimizing handoff signaling cost and provides data path optimization after the handoff

Validating measures of driver behavior’s training factors for prime decision-making

This paper validates the Driver Behavior’s Training Instrument (BDTI) for measuring training factors that influence prime decision-making in a driving domain. First, the training factors were developed to evaluate Computational Rabi’s Driver Training (C-RDT) model for prime decision-making in driving. In order to validate the model, a three-phase validation method has been used in this paper. In the first phase, items were generated from the literature to measure driver behavior’s training factors. In the 2nd phase, 4 academic experts and 3 experts from a driving institution were consulted for face and content validity. A Content Validity Index (CVI) of both the items-level and the scale-level CVIs was conducted from the ratings of the seven (7) experts. Finally, the items were subjected to a reliability test and an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation in the 3rd phase. The findings presented in this study revealed 10 valid scales for measuring driver behavior’s training factors namely; basic skills, basic practice, sensory ability, driving goal, driving intention, potential hazardous information, exposure to task complexity, perception about risk, driving knowledge, and involuntary/voluntary automaticity. The scales validated in this paper should assist other model developers; particularly driver behavior’s training modelers to validate their factors for prime decision-making. In literature the measures of driver behavior and training factors that influence drivers’ prime decision are limited. Hence, this paper considers the validation of driver behavior’s training instrument that measures the training factors for prime decision-making important

Using contact angle measurements for determination of the surface free energy of the ceramic membranes.

The surface free energy is one of the factors that characterises the surfaces of materials. The sessile drop method is the most popular method for determining its value. A contact angle between the surface and the edge of liquid droplets is measured in this scenario. The substrate surface free energy was frequently determined using contact angle measurements for unique liquids. As shown in Table 1, contact angles were evaluated at room temperature with a model liquid (water) for all samples. It's important to note that a smaller contact angle indicates a solid's wettability (Ali, 2012). As a result, a higher contact angle indicates less model liquid absorption by the sample and consequently less interaction between the two. The largest contact angle was seen with the 200nm ceramic membrane sample, and the lowest contact angle was observed with the 15nm ceramic membrane sample. Apart from 200nm ceramic membrane sample, the DIM contact angles of the samples are quite near to each other. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination was used to characterise the ceramic membrane. The ceramic membrane has a porous, rough morphological feature apart from 15nm pore size ceramic membrane appeared to have smooth on its surface. A close examination of the image reveals that the membrane was free of defects such as pinholes and cracks

Information and communication privacy in wireless sensor networks

This chapter places special emphasis on sensor networks applications in a battlefield.When a sensor network is used to monitor soldiers' movements in a battlefield, information about the soIdiers' whereabouts is sent back to the base station and accessed by commanders in the headquarters as shown in Figure 33.1. Before the fight, planes fly over the battlefield and deploy the sensors. These sensors organize themselves into a network and transmit data collected from the battlefield and send them back to the base statio

Factors affecting the intention to adopt software-as-a-service in public organization from expert's perspective

The advancements in Cloud Computing (CC) and the creation of more bandwidth have enabled the development of a distributed and collaborative model called Software as a Service (SaaS). The CCSaaS provides many benefits to the countries, organization, both government and private in terms of cost-saving, and quality improvement. However, the adoption of CC-SaaS is still very challenging to organizations, more especially in such instances where no specific attributes to guide user decisions on the movement into CC-SaaS. Moreover, none of the studies have provided a holistic analysis for the determinants that affect CC-SaaS adoption from user and organizational perspectives, which is certified by any expert. This paper investigates the factors affecting CC-SaaS intention to adopt in public organization, which in turn can assist organizations to gain important benefits from CC-SaaS technology. The influential factors are reviewed, selected and confirm by experts from the field of cloud computing, the results of their assessments are presented